
You may even need to include aspects of their biology (i.e. If you focus on human beings, then you'll want to include their psychology and sociology. There are lots of ways to think about a civilization. But it's also a fascinating question from the standpoint of what's called " complexity theory" - and that's the approach my collaborators and I are taking in a new project. The emergence of civilizations from the backdrop of an intelligent species is a critical question, if you're thinking about life in the universe. And, going further, evolution will then do its work - leading some species all the way up to forms of tool-building intelligence.īut given an intelligent species - think apes or even birds or octopus - what does it take to make the transition up to a civilization?

With all those worlds, it seems pretty reasonable to suppose that life will get started on some of them.

The number of potentially habitable planets in the universe is crazy big ( 10 billion trillion).
